We consider a fishery model with two sites: (1) a marine protected area (MPA) where fishing is prohibited and (2) an area where the fish population is harvested. We assume that fish can migrate from MPA to fishing area at a very fast time scale and fish spatial organisation can change from small to large clusters of school at a fast time scale. The growth of the fish population and the catch are assumed to occur at a slow time scale. (...) The complete model is a system of five ordinary differential equations with three time scales. We take advantage of the time scales using aggregation of variables methods to derive a reduced model governing the total fish density and fishing effort at the slow time scale. We analyze this aggregated model and show that under some conditions, there exists an equilibrium corresponding to a sustainable fishery. Our results suggest that in small pelagic fisheries the yield is maximum for a fish population distributed among both small and large clusters of school. (shrink)

Market crises amplify fear, disrupting rational decision-making of stock investment. This study examines the relationship between investors’ information priorities—such as intuition, company performance, technical analysis, and other factors—and their fear responses (freeze, flight, and hiding) during market crashes. Using the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) to analyze data from 1,526 investors in China and Vietnam, the findings reveal complex dynamics. We found positive associations between investors’ prioritization of social influence and intuition for investment decision-making with being freeze (i.e., not knowing what (...) to do with the owned stock), between prioritization of professionals’ evaluation and intuition with fleeing (i.e. giving up stock investment permanently), and between prioritization of professionals’ evaluation and social influence with hiding (i.e., stopping investing in stock for a while). In contrast, prioritization of companies’ performance metrics (e.g., net profit, debt, etc.) was negatively associated with being freeze, fleeing, and hiding. Meanwhile, prioritization of professionals’ evaluation, technical analysis, and liquidity was negatively associated with being freeze, fleeing, and hiding, respectively. The study highlights the importance of disseminating transparent, accurate information through government and media channels, along with implementing financial education programs, to promote rational investment decisions and reduce fear-driven behaviors. (shrink)

For centuries, fiction—particularly fables—has seamlessly combined storytelling, moral lessons, and societal reflections to engage readers on both emotional and intellectual levels. Despite extensive research on the benefits of reading and the emotional responses it evokes, a critical gap remains in understanding what drives readers to form deep emotional connections with specific works. This study seeks to identify the characteristics of a book that foster such connections. Using Bayesian Mindsponge Framework analytics, we analyzed a dataset of 129 Amazon reviews of Wild (...) Wise Weird, a collection of 42 fables that intertwine traditional storytelling with contemporary sensibilities, offering life lessons, humor, and social commentary. Of these reviews, approximately 66% expressed love for the book. The findings reveal that readers who describe the book as unique, whimsical, quirky, or innovative are more likely to express affection for it. Similarly, readers who are drawn to the book’s illustrations and characters tend to form stronger emotional connections. The cultural richness and representativeness of the book also emerged as significant factors in fostering readers’ love. The book successfully captures and conveys the depth, charm, and moral essence of Vietnamese culture to a global audience. Readers have expressed heartfelt gratitude after engaging with the book, underscoring its success in fostering meaningful emotional connections. Thus, insights from this analysis offer actionable recommendations for stakeholders in the literary ecosystem, from authors and publishers to marketers, to enhance readers’ emotional attachment and commitment to books. (shrink)

Cảm xúc là yếu tố cơ bản thúc đẩy con người đưa ra quyết định và xử lý thông tin. Sợ hãi là một trong những cảm xúc phổ biến nhất ảnh hưởng đến hành vi của nhà đầu tư cá nhân trên thị trường chứng khoán. Mặc dù nhiều nghiên cứu đã được thực hiện để khám phá tác động của nỗi sợ hãi đối với hiệu quả đầu tư và hành vi giao dịch của nhà đầu tư (...) cá nhân, nhưng vẫn còn rất ít thông tin về các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến nỗi sợ hãi của nhà đầu tư cá nhân trong thời kỳ thị trường sụt giảm (hoặc những giai đoạn cực kỳ biến động). Vì thế, nghiên cứu này được thực hiện để tìm hiểu liệu các nguồn thông tin ảnh hưởng đến quyết định đầu tư của nhà đầu tư có ảnh hưởng đến sự sợ hãi của họ khi khủng hoảng xảy ra hay không. Nghiên cứu đã sử dụng phương pháp phân tích Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) trên bộ dữ liệu từ 1526 nhà đầu tư Trung Quốc và Việt Nam. Kết quả nghiên cứu chỉ ra rằng các nhà đầu tư tiếp cận các loại thông tin khác nhau khi đưa ra quyết định đầu tư sẽ ảnh hưởng đến tần suất phản ứng sợ hãi khác nhau. Cụ thể, các nhà đầu tư tham khảo thông tin từ chuyên gia hoặc tự phân tích khi đưa ra quyết định đầu tư ít bị đóng băng (biểu hiện của tâm lý sợ hãi) hơn trong thời kỳ thị trường sụt giảm. Ngược lại, những người đưa ra quyết định đầu tư dựa trên thông tin từ người quen hay bạn bè và trực giác sẽ bị đóng băng thường xuyên hơn. Kết quả nghiên cứu này giúp gợi ý nhà đầu tư cá nhân nên trang bị cho mình các kiến thức về tài chính cũng như tham khảo các ý kiến chuyên gia trên thị trường, hoặc những nguồn thông tin đáng tin cậy, khi đưa ra quyết định đầu tư. Bên cạnh đó, cơ quan quản lý thị trường cần có hoạt động phổ cập kiến thức về thị trường chứng khoán, hạn chế ảnh hưởng của các kênh thông tin không chính thống, và khuyến khích nhà đầu tư ít kinh nghiệm mua chứng chỉ quỹ của các quỹ đầu tư. (shrink)

This data collection comprises of Amazon reviews of the book titled “Wild Wise Weird.” These reviews will be analyzed and updated to identify factors driving people to love a fiction book. Wild Wise Weird is a collection of 42 fables that blends traditional storytelling with modern sensibilities, weaving together life lessons, humor, and social commentary.

Business ethics in the socialist-oriented market economy in Vietnam.

Implementation of Lenin's thought on the human rights in Vietnam.

Để xem bóng đá và phát sóng video trực tiếp tốc độ cao, Xoilac là trang web lý tưởng. Đặc biệt, Xoilac không có bất cứ quảng cáo nào, vì vậy người xem vẫn thoải mái thưởng thức trận bóng đá mà không lo bị phân tâm vì bất cứ vấn đề gì. Ngoài ra, Xoilac có đội ngũ dày dặn chuyên môn, luôn đưa ra những nhận định chuẩn xác cho từng trận đấu bóng đá. Với đồ hoạ sinh (...) động, âm thanh lôi cuốn và sống động, Xoilac sẽ lưu lại dấu ấn sâu đậm trong tâm trí người xem bóng đá. (shrink)

Giải quyết biến đổi khí hậu và ô nhiễm môi trường đang và sẽ là thách thức lớn của nhân loại trong thế kỷ 21. Con người không còn nhiều thời gian để sửa chữa, phục hồi đưa hệ sinh thái môi trường (tự nhiên) trở về trạng thái an toàn. Trong khi các nỗ lực trong thời gian qua chưa thực sự hiệu quả thì COP26 mở ra cơ hội lớn để nhân loại tiến gần đến (...) mục tiêu kiềm chế nhiệt độ của trái đất không vượt quá 1.5 độ C. Mặc dù Việt Nam cùng với 146 quốc gia trên thế giới đã có cam kết mạnh mẽ nhất trong việc giảm phát thải vào năm 2050, tuy nhiên việc cụ thể hóa cam kết thông qua các giải pháp sáng tạo là rất quan trọng. Sử dụng (áp dụng, vận dụng) hệ sáng tạo 3D và nguyên lý bán dẫn giá trị, tác giả đề xuất hệ sinh thái “giải pháp trụ cột” cần thực hiện gồm có tăng cường thông tin, truyền thông, nghiên cứu khoa học về môi trường (biến đổi khí hậu, ô nhiễm môi trường...); xây dựng, chuyển đổi và nâng cao văn hóa và môi trường; đẩy mạnh phát triển kinh tế gia tăng phúc lợi; xây dựng (chuyển đổi) lớp doanh nhân có văn hóa, trách nhiệm môi trường; tăng cường mở rộng sự hợp tác quốc tế về mọi mặt đặc biệt là trong lĩnh vực kinh tế, truyền thông và khoa học; và thực thi các giải pháp nêu trên một cách kỷ luật. (shrink)

The socialist construction in Vietnam, aspect of human role.

Giới trí thức (giới tinh hoa) có vai trò quan trọng vào quá trình xây dựng và phát triển đất nước. Và điều quan trọng là trí thức đóng góp vào sự “thức tỉnh” xã hội [1]. Trí thức mạnh thì khoa học mạnh, khoa học mạnh thì dân trí tăng cao (khai/tăng dân trí), dân trí cao thì đất nước thịnh cường văn minh (hậu dân sinh). Muốn có tầng lớp trí thức mạnh thì phải tìm ra được trí (...) thức thật và sau đó tạo điều kiện phù hợp để họ phát triển, đóng góp/cống hiến cho đất nước. (shrink)

Cải cách tiền lương là một trong những nội dung quan trọng sẽ được thảo luận tại Kỳ họp thứ 6, Quốc hội khóa XV và đây cũng là một trong những chìa khoá để mở ra các chính sách đãi ngộ nhằm góp phần xây dựng, phát triển đội ngũ trí thức nước nhà, đáp ứng yêu cầu phát triển đất nước nhanh và bền vững trong giai đoạn mới như nội dung mà Hội nghị Trung (...) ương 8 khoá XIII, Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng đã thảo luận. (shrink)

In this essay, we would like to question the recovery and inversion of Terence's formula "I am the closest to myself", in Nietzsche's terms: "Jeder ist sich selbst der Fernst (Each one is to himself the farthest)", found in the first paragraph of the Preface to the Genealogy of Morals. Taking into account the context in which it appears, we propose below a commentary of this paragraph alongside an interpretation of this formula. We would like to question the way Nietzsche (...) relates this formula to the difficulty of acquiring self-knowledge, on which the beginning of the Genealogy of Morals insists. Does this sentence according to which "Each one is to himself the farthest" mean that a knowledge of oneself by oneself would be a futile exercise and that others would necessarily know us better than ourselves, such that the detour by otherness would constitute an obligatory passage for self-knowledge? But Nietzsche tells us from the outset that this Delphic ideal has never been achieved because the exercise has never been really attempted in the first place. Is it then that the beginning of the Genealogy of Morals indeed tries to prevent any self-knowledge (because it would be possible to know everything but the self), or, is there not another more interesting way to understand this formula according to which we are the most distant to ourselves? We would like to show two things in this regard: firstly, that Nietzsche does not prohibit self-knowledge here, but invites us to think about it differently; and secondly, that the formula according to which "everyone is the furthest away from himself" can also be understood as an injunction to keep the self always at a distance. The two dimensions are then linked, since we maintain that self-knowledge in the classical sense can and must be positively replaced in Nietzsche by an interpretation of the self, and that this interpretation must never be thought of as an undertaking to grasp the self once and for all, which would amount to reifying it by taking it out of becoming. (shrink)

Cải tiến phương pháp lượng giá tài nguyên và di sản sử dụng nguyên lý bán dẫn giá trị và hệ xử lý thông tin SM3D. Lý thuyết sử dụng trong bài: • Total economic value (Adger et al., 1995) • Mindsponge theory (Quan-Hoang Vuong, 2023) và khung ra quyết định mindspongeconomics (Khuc, 2022) • Tháp văn hóa (Khuc, 2023) • Lý thuyết nguyên lý bán dẫn giá trị (Q.-H. Vuong, 2021) • Hệ xử lý thông tin (lý thuyết (...) quản trị tri thức) SM3D (Nguyen, 2023; Q. H. Vuong et al., 2022) . (shrink)

in this article, we experience the exercise of a screen ethnocartography in agency with the film Beasts of the southern wild by the director Benh Zeitlin. We tested a film experimentation that led to a renewed writing ways of life. We bet on cinema and childhood as possibilities for creating cracks and a stutter of language for the creation of new worlds and ways of living. In cinema images less as a representation, and more as art that proposes incompleteness, fissure, (...) a hole in appearances. In childhood as an exercise of differentiation and resistance to dominant narratives in a given context. In childhood as a limiting experience of/in language, tirelessly exposing the human condition in front of the world. Thus, accompanying the main character of the plot, little Hushpuppy — a six-year-old resident of the “Charles Doucet Island”, experienced as “the Bathtub” —, we are shaken by the forms of life there, considered bestial and not recognized by city humans. Hushpuppy, his father and friends resist attempts to destroy their existence by the forms of the state that try to domesticate them, imbued with the logic that primitives must come to civilization, just as children must become adults. (shrink)

According to the Principle of Sufficient Reason every event is determined down to the smallest detail. This principle entails a global determinism which is connected with the claim of uniformity: All things are basically one and differ only by degrees. Accordingly, Leibniz tries to explain the traditional distinction of necessity and contingency by the difference between a definite demonstration and an open, never ending analysis, that is a quantitative difference between the finite and infinite. It is controversial whether contingency can (...) be saved by this conception in the face of the thesis: Every predicate which can be truly attributed to a subject is included in the complete notion of this individual substance. The difficulties of the Lucky Proof can only be avoided by supposing: The infinity of analysis cannot be based on the fact that the complete notion is a simple conjunction of innumerable predicates which are not conceptually connected to each other. Then every predicate could be deduced from it in a finite number of steps; therefore, it would have been demonstrated and would consequently be necessary. The infinity of analysis cannot be either based on the fact that it is infinitely complex to prove that the subject is not contradictory. Conceptions like this or a superessentialism are not adequate, because they fail to distinguish between necessary and contingent statements about an individual within a single possible world. The complete notion and, therefore, the analysis of a contingent truth comprises an infinitely complex content, because the predicates of an individual are connected by infinitely complex relations. This corresponds to the idea that the perceptions of an individual mirror the infinitely complex connections by which the world is determined. (shrink)

TCCS - Việt Nam đang đứng trước ngưỡng cửa thập niên thứ hai, thế kỷ XXI. Tuy vậy, mốc thời gian không quan trọng bằng những đổi thay chóng mặt của quá trình quốc tế hóa đời sống kinh tế, và những biến đổi sâu sắc nó sẽ mang lại. Quá trình ấy, ngay bây giờ, lại được phóng đại qua lăng kính của những biến động toàn cầu do khủng hoảng kinh tế - tài chính 2007 - 2009, điều (...) có thể dẫn tới những biến đổi lớn về cấu trúc kinh tế nhân loại, cũng như diễn tiến địa - chính trị khắp nơi trên thế giới. (shrink)

SummaryCarnap tried to overcome metaphysics through a distinction between empirical and conceptual truths. The distinction has since been challenged, but not on the basis of a systematic logical analysis of language. It is suggested here that the logical theory of identifiability based on the author's interrogative model will provide the tools for such a systematic analysis. As an example of what the model can do, a criticism is offered of Quine's and Chomsky's implicit assumption that language learning is based on (...) atomistic “answers” .RésuméCarnap a essayé de dépasser la métaphysique par une distinction entre des vérités empiriques et des vérités conceptuelles. Cette distinction a ensuite été contestée, mais non sur la base ?une analyse systematique du langage. On suggére ici que la théorie logique de ľidentifiabilité basée sur le modéle interrogatif de ľauteur fournira les outils ?une telle analyse systématique. Comme exemple de ce que peut faire ce modéle, on présente une critique de la supposition implicite de Quine et de Chomsky selon laquelle ľapprentissage du langage repose sur des ≫réponses≪ atomiques .ZusammenfassungCarnap versuchte Metaphysik durch eine Unterscheidung zwischen empirischen und konzep‐tuellen Wahrheiten zu iiberwinden. Seither wurde die Unterscheidung immer wieder angegriffen, jedoch nicht auf der Basis einer systematischen logischen Analyse der Sprache. In vorliegendem Artikel wird vorgeschlagen, dass eine logische Theorie der Identifizierbarkeit, welche auf dem Frage‐Antwort‐Modell des Autors grilndet, die Instrumente fur eine solche logische Analyse bereitstellt. Als Beispiel dafiir, was das Modell leisten kann, dient eine Kritik an Quines und Chomskys impliziter Voraussetzung, dass das Erlernen von Sprache auf atomaren ≫Antworten≪ aufbaut. (shrink)

Quan điểm về tính và nhân tính là một bộ phận trọng yếu của lý luận Tống Nho về con người. Lê Quý Đôn cũng dựa vào các lý luận về tính và nhân tính của Tống Nho để xây dựng quan điểm của mình về tính, tính người, tâm. Tuy nhiên, có điểm đặc biệt trong các quan niệm đó của Lê Quý Đôn: ông ít khi xem xét trực tiếp, hoặc có những phát biểu mang tính thuần (...) tuý lý luận về các vấn đề tính và nhân tính. Chỉ có thể bóc tách các quan điểm về tính và nhân tính của Lê Quý Đôn từ những luận bàn về chính trị, xã hội, v.v. tức là những vấn đề hiện thực và cụ thể. Điều này cho thấy tính thực tiễn trong lập trường của Lê Quý Đôn. Chính bởi lập trường đó, ông đã tránh được các hạn chế viển vông, hư huyễn và khép kín của Tống Nho, để rộng mở tiếp thu các luồng tri thức từ các lập trường khác, và hướng lý luận của mình vào các hoạt động hiện thực. (shrink)

A característica mais notável da filosofia renascentista foi também o que tornou sua assimilação pela história da filosofia tão difícil: a interação entre forma e conteúdo, entre ideia e sua expressão. Tal resulta da tentativa de realizar outra inter-relação que lhe é ainda mais essencial: aquela entre teoria e prática, pensamento e ação. Nos Ensaios de Montaigne, o método constitui antes de tudo um estilo de vida: a linguagem é aí o meio pelo qual a implicação entre mundos externos e (...) internos, o eu e a realidade - assim entre intelecto e sensibilidade, arte e natureza, fato e valor, identidade e alteridade etc. - busca tornar-se evidente, permitindo a percepção de seu permanente remodelar recíproco. The most remarkable characteristic of Renaissance philosophy was also what made its assimilation by History of Philosophy so difficult: the interaction between form and content, between idea and its expression. This results from trying to achieve another inter-relationship which is even more essential: that between theory and practice, thought and action. In Montaigne's Essays the method is primarily a lifestyle: there the language is the means by which the implication between external and internal worlds, self and reality - and so between intellect and sensibility, art and nature, fact and value, identity and otherness, etc - seeks to become apparent, allowing the perception of its permanent reciprocal remodeling. (shrink)

Dans cet aperçu, la notion de corps, qui joue un rôle majeur dans la théologie de l’Aquinate, de la création à l’eschatologie, est étudiée dans une perspective philosophique. Les différents sens que Thomas attribue au mot « corps » sont notamment caractérisés, selon qu’il se réfère aux réalités extra-mentales ou à notre manière d’en comprendre et d’en analyser la structure. S’inspirant d’Aristote et Porphyre d’un côté, d’Avicenne de l’autre, Thomas distingue ainsi non seulement entre le corps en tant qu’accident quantitatif (...) et en tant que détermination substantielle, mais aussi entre le corps pris en tant que partie d’un être corporel et en tant que tout. Parmi d’autres aspects, la relation que le corps entretient avec la matière est précisée. (shrink)

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are used to model human activities and predict behavior. Such systems have shown race, gender and other kinds of bias, which are typically understood as technical problems. Here we try to show that: 1) to get rid of such biases, we need a system that can understand the structure of human activities and;2) to create such a system, we need to solve foundational problems of AI, such as the common-sense problem. Additionally, when informational platforms uses these (...) models to mediate interactions with their users, which is a commonplace nowadays, there is an illusion of progress, for what is an increasingly higher influence over our own behavior is took for an increasingly higher predictive accuracy. Given this, we argue that the bias problem is deeply connected to non-technical issues that must be discussed in public spaces. -/- Técnicas de inteligência artificial (IA) são utilizadas para modelar as atividades humanas e gerar predições comportamentais. Estes sistemas têm apresentado vieses diversos, inclusive de raça e gênero, tipicamente tomados como problemas de engenharia. Realiza-se aqui um esforço argumentativo para mostrar que: 1) escapar dos vieses demanda um sistema que compreenda a estrutura das atividades humanas e; 2) criar um sistema que apresente tal compreensão, demanda a solução de problemas fundacionais da IA, em particular, o problema de como modelar o senso comum. No caso de plataformas informacionais que usam desses modelos para mediar interações com seus usuários, algo cada vez mais comum, o não reconhecimento disso dá margem a uma ilusão de progresso, em que uma crescente influência sobre nosso comportamento é tomada como uma crescente acurácia preditiva. Nesse cenário, argumenta-se que o problema dos vieses está associado a questões não técnicas que devem ser discutidas em espaços públicos. (shrink)

Over and above differences in terminology and cultural background, we try to show that the quantum physicist, David Bohm, and poststructuralist philosopher, Gilles Deleuze, shared a common aim in thought: to replace the classical image of reality, which is still dominant in our time, with a metaphysics finally in agreement with the concepts and results of relativity, quantum mechanics andcontemporary biology. For these two thinkers, the world of things that are well individuated in space and time, and ordered according to (...) mechanical relations of cause and effect, are nothing but the momentary expression of an “undivided wholeness in flowing movement” that constitutes its true ontological ground. By means of this new metaphysics, the world of daily experience and classical science appears as the explicit manifestation or development of implicate order that undivided wholeness contains virtually in itself at deeper and deeper levels of envelopment and imbrication. The explicit world is the result of a process of repetition, deceleration and temporal stabilization, triggered by the interaction of our measuring instruments – technical devices, sensory organs and motors, a priori forms and categories of the understanding – with moving wholeness, the thinking and observing subject of which represents a momentary and partial reflection rather than a solitaryand autonomous fragment. By criticizing the classical image of thecorrespondence/adequation of being and thought, Bohm and Deleuzeshow that the thought seeking to grasp this wholeness in flowingmovement inevitably interacts with it – by modifying, recreating andaccomplishing it in one direction rather than another. Thought thusresembles a dance that tries to harmonize with the universal flux thatgenerates and carries it away in a single movement with matter. **************************************************************************************************** ***********************Para além das diferenças de terminologia e de background cultural, tenta-se aqui mostrar que o físico quântico David Bohm e o filósofo pós-estruturalista Gilles Deleuze tiverem um objetivo comum de pensamento: substituir a imagem clássica da realidade, ainda dominante em nossa época, por uma metafísica finalmente de acordo com os conceitos e resultados da relatividade, da mecânica quântica e da biologia contemporânea. Para estes dois pensadores, o mundo das coisas bem individuadas no espaço e no tempo, e ordenadas conforme as relações mecânicas de causa e efeito, não é nada outro que a expressão momentânea de uma “Totalidade indivisa em devir” que constitui seu verdadeiro fundamento ontológico. Pelo meio desta nova metafisica, o mundo da experiência cotidiana e da ciência clássica aparece como a manifestação explicita ou desenvolvida da ordem implícita que a totalidade indivisa contém virtualmente nela mesma em níveis de envolvimento e de imbricação sempre mais profundos. O mundo explícito é o resultado de um processo de repetição, desaceleração e estabilização temporal, desencadeado pela interação de nossos instrumentos de medição -- aparelhos técnicos, órgãos sensoriais e motores, formas “a priori” e categorias do entendimento – com uma totalidade movente no qual o sujeito pensante e observante representa um reflexo momentâneo e parcial ao invés de um fragmento solitário e autônomo. Ao criticar a imagem clássica da correspondência/adequação entre o ser e o pensamento, Bohm e Deleuze mostram finalmente que o pensamento que intenta capturar esta Totalidade em devir interage inevitavelmente com ela, modificando-a, recriando-a e realizando-a em uma direção ao invés de outra. O pensamento se aparenta assim a uma dança que tenta se harmonizar com o flux universal que o gera e o leva em um movimento só com a matéria.Palavras-chave: Bohm; Deleuze; totalidade indivisa em devir; física quântica; pós-estruturalismo; ontologia. (shrink)

RÉSUMÉ: Pasch est généralement considéré comme le premier à avoir proposé une axiomatisation de la géométrie. Mais ses Vorlesungen über neure Geometrie (1882) contiennent plusieurs éléments étrangers au paradigme hilbertien. Pasch soutient ainsi que la « géométrie élémentaire », dont il propose une axiomatisation complète, est une théorie empiriquement vraie. Les commentateurs considèrent généralement les différences entre la méthode de Pasch et celle qui deviendra standard après Hilbert comme autant de défauts affectant une pensée encore inaboutie. Notre but consiste au (...) contraire à reconstruire la cohérence et l’originalité de l’approche de Pasch. Nous donnerons d’abord un aperçu du contexte historique dans lequel les Vorlesungen s’inscrivent, pour tenter ensuite de réconcilier l’effort d’axiomatisation et l’empirisme de Pasch. Nous insisterons notamment sur les remarquables procédures logiques que Pasch met sur pied afin d’adapter sa pratique mathématique aux contraintes dictées par sa réflexion philosophique.ABSTRACT: Pasch is usually credited with having presented the first axiomatization of a geometrical theory, but the Vorlesungen über neuere Geometrie (1882) contains many features which do not fit the Hilbertian paradigm. Thus Pasch, while axiomatizing his “elementary geometry,” claims that it is an empirically true theory. Scholars usually regard the discrepancies between Pasch and the post-Hilbertian standard method as mere inconsistencies of Pasch’s theory. On the contrary, this article aims at reconstructing the coherence and originality of the Vorlesungen. We will first display the historical background of this work and then try to reconcile Pasch’s logical axiomatic claim with his empiricist stance. More importantly, we will insist on the remarkable logical procedures worked out by Pasch in order to adapt his mathematical development to the strictures of his broad philosophical position. (shrink)

El objetivo que se persigue es pensar la relación que hay entre la técnica y la metafísica dentro de la trama de sentido de la contemporaneidad, tal y como se presenta en la filosofía de Martin Heidegger, en 1953, en la conferencia Die Frage nach der Technik. Uno de los principales hitos del filósofo alemán en su época tardia es su concepción de la técnica, más concretamente, de la esencia de ésta, toda vez que considera que es la forma en (...) que el ser se devela en el mundo contemporáneo. Esta idea principal, la de constituir el develamiento del ser, lo pone en relación con los presupuestos que casi un cuarto de siglo antes, en 1929, en la conferencia Was ist Metaphysik?, planteaba respecto de la metafísica y de la imposibilidad de toda ciencia para pensar el problema del ser. En el mundo contemporáneo, la ciencia ha derivado en tecno-ciencia, por lo que es necesario establecer la relación entre lo dicho en una y otra conferencia con el propósito de establecer la esencia de la técnica (y de la ciencia) hoy como ese modo fundamental de darse el ser. Pero ya el ser presenta su ocaso y, por ende, cualquier relación se muestra borrosa, por lo que hay que volver al mundo griego, una vez más, como es habitual en los planteamientos heideggerianos, para tratar de esclarecer esa conexión fundamental. ---- The objective pursued is to think about the relationship between technique and metaphysics within the contemporary fabric of meaning, as presented in Martin Heidegger's philosophy, in 1953, in the lecture Die Frage nach der Technik. One of the main milestones of the German philosopher in his late period is his conception of technique, more specifically, of the essence of technique, since he considers it to be the way in which being is revealed in the contemporary world. This main idea, that of constituting the unveiling of being, puts him in relation with the assumptions that almost a quarter of a century earlier, in 1929, in the lecture Was ist Metaphysik?, he put forward with respect to metaphysics and the impossibility of all science to think the problem of being. In the contemporary world, science has become techno-science, and it is therefore necessary to establish the relationship between the two lectures in order to establish the essence of technology (and science) today as this fundamental way of giving being. But being is already in its twilight, and thus any relation is blurred, so we must return to the Greek world, once again, as is usual in Heideggerian approaches, in order to try to clarify this fundamental connection. ---- O objetivo perseguido é pensar a relação entre técnica e metafísica no tecido contemporâneo de sentido, tal como apresentado na filosofia de Martin Heidegger, em 1953, na palestra Die Frage nach der Technik. Um dos principais marcos do filósofo alemão no seu período tardio é a sua conceção da técnica, mais especificamente, da essência da técnica, uma vez que a considera como o modo pelo qual o ser se revela no mundo contemporâneo. Esta ideia principal, a de constituir o desvelamento do ser, coloca-o em relação com os pressupostos que quase um quarto de século antes, em 1929, na conferência Was ist Metaphysik? No mundo contemporâneo, a ciência tornou-se tecnociência, pelo que é necessário estabelecer a relação entre as duas conferências, a fim de estabelecer a essência da tecnologia (e da ciência) atual como esta forma fundamental de dar o ser. Mas o ser já está no seu crepúsculo e, por isso, qualquer relação é ténue, pelo que temos de regressar ao mundo grego, mais uma vez, como é habitual nas abordagens heideggerianas, para tentar clarificar esta ligação fundamental. (shrink)

Resumo: Este artigo visa a esclarecer o uso concreto que Nietzsche faz do vocabulário biológico em sua obra. Em vez de conceber a biologia como a soma indiferenciada das ciências da vida, o que é um anacronismo em vista da situação fragmentada dessas ciências na segunda metade do século XIX, levo em consideração o trabalho de Lynn Nyhart sobre a ascensão da perspectiva biológica na Alemanha, para evidenciar o sentido mais estreito no qual Nietzsche fala de “biologia”. A primeira parte (...) do artigo identifica os interlocutores que Nietzsche caracteriza explicitamente como “biólogos”. Depois, tento determinar o tipo de biologia evolucionária que está em jogo, para poder, num último momento, explorar as ramificações epistemológicas e estéticas do discurso biológico nietzschiano.: This paper aims at clarifying the concrete use Nietzsche makes of the biological vocabulary in his work. Instead of conceiving biology as the undifferentiated sum of the life sciences, which is an anachronism in view of the fragmented situation of these sciences in the second half of the 19th century, I take into consideration Lynn Nyhart’s work on the rise of the biological perspective in Germany, to highlight the narrower sense in which Nietzsche speaks of “biology”. The first part of the paper identifies the interlocutors Nietzsche explicitly characterizes as “biologists”. I then try to ascertain the type of evolutionary biology that is at stake, to be able, in a last moment, to explore the epistemological and aesthetic ramifications of the Nietzschean biological discourse. (shrink)

SummaryI examine an internal tension between Quine's empiricist methodology and his doctrine of naturalism — a tension that bears on his well‐known thesis of empirical underdetermination of scientific theory., viz., that there can be empirically equivalent but logically incompatible formulations of comprehensive scientific theory. Quine recognizes the tension and tries to resolve it via his distinction between the conditions that justify belief in a theory and the conditions that warrant the attribution of truth to a theory. I argue that Quine's (...) resolution is unsatisfactory, but that there is a more defensible resolution via Quine's own theory of ontological relativity; and moreover, the latter mode of resolution avoids certain undesirable aspects of Quine's problematic notion of evidence.Summary RésuméJ'examine la tension interne entre la méthodologie empiriciste de Quine et sa doctrine naturaliste — tension qui porte sur sa thèse de la sous‐détermination des théories scientifiques, these qui affirme qu'il peut y avoir des formulations empiriquement équivalentes, mais logiquement incompatibles de grandes théories scientifiques. Quine admet cette tension et cherche à la résoudre par sa distinction entre des conditions qui justifient la croyance en une théorie et d'autres qui garantissent l'attribution d'une valeur de véritéà cette théorie. Je prétends que la solution de Quine est insatisfaisante, mais on peut en proposer une autre, plus défendable, en se basant sur sa propre théorie de la relativité ontologique. En outre, cette dernière solution évite certains aspects indésirables de la notion, problématique chez Quine, d'évidence empirique.ZusammenfassungIch untersuche ein internes Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Quines empirischer Méthodologie und seiner naturalistischen Doktrin — ein Spannungsverhältnis, das in seiner bekannten These der empirischen Unterdeterminiertheit einer wissenschaftlichen Theorie begründet liegt, d.h. in der These, wonach es empirisch äquivalente, aber logisch inkompatible Formulierungen einer umfassenden wissenschaftlichen Theorie geben kann. Quine erkennt diese Spannung und versucht, sie durch seine Unterscheidung zwischen den Bedingungen, die den Glauben in eine Théorie rechtfertigen, und den Bedingungen, die die Zuschreibung von Wahrheit an diese Théorie begründen, aufzulösen. Ich argumentiere, dass Quines Lösung unbefriedigend ist, aber dass eine besser verteidigbare Lösung existiert, die an Quines eigene Theorie der ontologischen Relativität anknüpft; zudem vermeidet die letztgenannte Lösung gewisse unerwünschte Aspekte von Quines problematischem Begriff eines empirischen Belegs. (shrink)

: What is it about pragmatism that has from its inception been found disturbing? I am reminded of Daniel Dennett's remark in his 2000 American Philosophical Association Presidential Address that "many people dislike Darwinism in their guts." There is something about pragmatism that has always been found deeply troubling and I believe it is related to what troubles people about Darwinism. Inspired by Dennett's treatment of the idea and impact of evolutionary theory in his Presidential Address and in his book, (...) Darwin's Dangerous Idea, I will look at pragmatism in that light and will suggest that it may be even more threatening than Darwinism to traditional western values and the glorification of individualism. I will suggest that pragmatism is a naturalistic philosophy that presupposes a radical evolutionism and that, try as they might to subsititute a belief in an exuberant meliorism for religious faith, pragmatists must eventually face the fact that everything is fleeting and that ignorance will prevail. In fact, taking the long view of things, there really is no future. But, surprisingly perhaps, this is no cause for a pessimistic outlook. Futility, in the long run, is no excuse for despair today. Interlaced with these somewhat didactic themes, I will include some comparison of Dennett's parsimonious philosophy with the views of the original pragmatists, especially with Peirce's semiotic pragmatism, and I will briefly consider whether the naturalism running from Quine to Dennett is a branch of neo-pragmatism that has been largely unrecognized.Key-words: pragmatism; Peirce; Dennett; Darwinism; evolutionism; naturalismResumo: O que há com o pragmatismo que desde seu nascimento é considerado perturbador? Lembro-me da observação de Daniel Dennett, em seu Pronunciamento Presidencial da American Philosophical Association, que "muitas pessoas detestam visceralmente o darwinismo". Há algo com o pragmatismo que sempre foi considerado profundamente incômodo, e eu acredito que isso esteja relacionado com o que incomoda as pessoas no darwinismo. Inspirado no tratamento de Dennett, em seu Pronunciamento Presidencial e em seu livro Darwin's Dangerous Idea, da idéia e do impacto da teoria evolucionária, olharei para o pragmatismo sob essa luz e sugerirei que ele pode ser ainda mais ameaçador do que o darwinismo, para os valores tradicionais do ocidente e para a glorificação do individualismo. Sugerirei que o pragmatismo é uma filosofia naturalista que pressupõe um evolucionismo radical e que, tentem o quanto puderem substituir uma crença em um meliorismo exuberante pela fé religiosa, os pragmatistas devem conseqüentemente encarar o fato de que tudo é passageiro e de que a ignorância prevalecerá. Mas, talvez surpreendentemente, isto não é causa para uma perspectiva pessimista. A futilidade, em longo prazo, não é desculpa para o desespero, hoje em dia. Incluirei, entrelaçada com estes temas algo didáticos, alguma comparação da filosofia parcimoniosa de Dennett com as visões dos pragmatistas originais, especialmente com o pragmatismo semiótico de Peirce, e considerarei brevemente se o naturalismo que vem de Quine para Dennett é um ramo neopragmatista que foi amplamente ignorado.Palavras-chave: pragmatismo; Peirce; Dennett; darwinismo; evolucionismo; naturalism. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In a recent essay, Sören Stenlund tries to align Wittgenstein’s approach to the foundations and nature of mathematics with the tradition of symbolic mathematics. The characterization of symbolic mathematics made by Stenlund, according to which mathematics is logically separated from its external applications, brings it closer to the formalist position. This raises naturally the question whether Wittgenstein holds a formalist position in philosophy of mathematics. The aim of this paper is to give a negative answer to this question, defending (...) the view that Wittgenstein always thought that there is no logical separation between mathematics and its applications. I will focus on Wittgenstein’s remarks about arithmetic during his middle period, because it is in this period that a formalist reading of his writings is most tempting. I will show how his idea of autonomy of arithmetic is not to be compared with the formalist idea of autonomy, according to which a calculus is “cut off” from its applications. The autonomy of arithmetic, according to Wittgenstein, guarantees its own applicability, thus providing its own raison d’être. RESUMO Em um recente artigo, Sören Stenlund procura alinhar a abordagem de Wittgenstein em relação aos fundamentos e à natureza da matemática com a tradição da matemática simbólica. A caracterização da matemática simbólica feita por Stenlund, de acordo com a qual a matemática é logicamente separada de suas aplicações externas, a aproxima da posição formalista. Isto naturalmente levanta a questão de se Wittgenstein defende uma posição formalista em filosofia da matemática. O objetivo deste artigo é dar uma resposta negativa a esta questão, ao defender que Wittgenstein sempre pensou não haver separação lógica entre a matemática e suas aplicações. Atenção especial será dada às observações de Wittgenstein sobre a aritmética pertencentes ao seu período intermediário, pois é neste período que uma leitura formalista de seus escritos é mais sedutora. Mostrarei como sua ideia de autonomia da aritmética não deve ser comparada à ideia formalista de autonomia, segundo a qual um cálculo é “cortado” de suas aplicações. A autonomia da aritmética, para Wittgenstein, garante ela própria sua aplicabilidade, provendo, assim, sua própria raison d’être. (shrink)

RESUMO: O presente texto põe algumas questões referentes à “história” dos fundamentos da Psicologia entre os séculos XIX e XX, mostrando como ocorrem ainda, em História da Psicologia, certos fatores controversos, muitos deles tributários de postulados filosóficos do século XIX, especialmente em torno do positivismo. O artigo concentra-se em mostrar, preliminarmente, de que forma a ruptura da Filosofia Natural e a ascensão da figura do “cientista” no século XIX ensejaram novos motivos de análise, dentre eles certo cientificismo que se impôs (...) inclusive como chave de interpretação histórica. Após uma exposição inicial do problema – chamando a atenção também às consequências institucionais, da formação à profissão –, o artigo faz três breves estudos de caso – em torno de Fechner, Helmholtz e Wundt – e termina por defender perspectivas que abram a História da Psicologia a histórias mais alargadas, tais como a História da Filosofia e as Histórias das Ciências._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ABSTRACT: The present work poses several questions concerning the history of Psychological’s foundations between 19th and 20th centuries, showing how there are still today certain controversial factors derived from 19th century philosophical postulates acting on the ways of describing psychology’s history, notably around positivism. The article concentrates in showing, in a preliminary way, how the rupture of Natural Philosophy of 18th century and the rise of the figure of the scientist in the 19th century gave rise to new analytical patterns, as well as a certain Scientism that tried to impose itself as the keystone to historical interpretation. The work begins with an initial exposition of the problem – calling into attention the institutional consequences as well, from the psychological common sense to professional issues -, and then analyzes three case studies - Gustav Fechner, Hermann von Helmholtz and Wilhelm Wundt – ending with the defense of perspectives that open the History of Psychology into another historical procedures, such as History of Philosophy and History of Sciences. (shrink)

Partant du constat qu’il existe à la fois une très grande similitude entre les philosophies de la perception d’Aristote et de Merleau-Ponty, et une revendication de ce dernier de s’affranchir du cadre ontologique hérité, cet article cherche à définir où se situe exactement la différence entre les deux conceptions. Il écarte d’abord l’hypothèse d’une assimilation ontologique totale entre sentant et sensible dans l’indistinction de la chair, dans la mesure où ce tissu n’est pas un uniforme mais peut toujours présenter la (...) dualité adhérente de l’envers et de l’endroit. Ensuite se pose la question de savoir si la Visibilité en général, comme puissance indéterminée, était impensable pour Aristote en raison de sa théorie de la substance – et il est montré que celle-ci, bien comprise, admet la pure puissance, tout en favorisant la détermination. Dès lors, la différence entre les deux auteurs se manifeste plutôt dans la conception de l’être, qui pour Merleau-Ponty demeure en retrait, tandis que pour Aristote il est toujours a priori déterminable, quoique selon des modalités irréductiblement multiples.Starting from the observation that there is at once a great similarity between the perception philosophy of Aristotle and Merleau-Ponty, and a claiming from the latter to emancipate oneself from the inherited ontological frame, this article tries to define where exactly stands the difference between the two conceptions. It first dismisses the hypothesis of a complete ontological assimilation between perceptive and perceptible in the indistinction of the « flesh », as far as this « web » is not a uniform but can always produce the adhering duality of inside and outside. Then comes the question whether the general Visibility, as indeterminable potency, was unthinkable by Aristotle because of his substance theory – and it is showed that this theory, if well understood, admits the pure potency even favouring the determination. Finally, the difference between the two thinkers appears rather in the conception of Being, that, according to Merleau-Ponty, stands in the background, while, according to Aristotle, it is always a priori determinable although in irreducibly multiple modes. (shrink)

Resumo: Neste artigo, apresentamos uma versão de uma teoria que eu chamarei de Contextualismo Epistêmico ‒ a visão de que o contexto e os padrões determinados por ele desempenham um papel central na avaliação de se um agente epistêmico tem, ou não, justificação e, portanto, conhecimento ‒ para tentar resolver um dos problemas mais influentes em epistemologia, a saber, o Problema do Regresso epistêmico. O primeiro passo será o de caracterizar o problema do regresso epistêmico. Em seguida, apresentaremos uma importante (...) distinção que é útil para um melhor entendimento da nossa tese, isto é, a distinção entre justificação proposicional e doxástica. Então, abordaremos as visões tradicionais que supostamente alegam resolver este problema, mostrando que todas são problemáticas. Por fim, apresentaremos a visão que pretendemos defender, mostrando como ela pode oferecer uma resposta ao problema do regresso epistêmico, de uma maneira que as outras visões não podem. Palavras-chave: Regresso Epistêmico, Justificação, Conhecimento, Contextualismo Epistêmico. Abstract: In this paper we present a version of a theory that we will call Epistemic Contextualism - the view that the context and the standards that it determines, play a central role in evaluating whether, or not, a subject has justification, and therefore knowledge - to try to solve one of the most influential problems in epistemology, namely, the Epistemic Regress Problem. The first step will be to characterize the epistemic regress problem. Next, we present an important distinction that is useful to a better understanding of our view, that is, the distinction between propositional and doxastic justification. Then, we present traditional views that allegedly claim to solve this problem showing that all are problematic. The final step concerns the exposition of the view we want to defend, showing how it can solve the epistemic regress problem in a way that the other views cannot. Keywords: Epistemic Regress, Justification, Knowledge, Epistemic Contextualism. (shrink)

L’articolo si propone di chiarire uno dei punti oscuri della biografia di Giordano Bruno. Nel 1571 il Capitolo generale dei Domenicani di Roma lo assegnò come studente formale allo Studio di Andria. Secondo i suoi più importanti biografi, il Nolano non ci sarebbe mai andato. Attraverso l’accurata analisi dei documenti relativi al corso di studi, e il riscontro delle citazioni contenute in alcune opere, l’ipotesi che Bruno abbia soggiornato ad Andria per circa un anno appare, invece, estremamente probabile. The article (...) tries to clarify one of the obscure points of Giordano Bruno’s biography. In 1571 the General Chapter of the Dominicans in Rome assigned him, as a formal student, to the Study of Andria. According to his most important biographers, the Nolan never went there. However, through the careful analysis of the documents relating to his course of studies, and the comparison of the quotations contained in some of his works, the hypothesis that Bruno stayed in Andria for about a year appears extremely probable. (shrink)

Des philosophes de la logique comme Prior et Mulligan considèrent le connecteur de vérité ‘Il est vrai que ’ comme étant plus fondamental que le prédicat de vérité ‘ est vrai’. Des philosophes comme Bolzano et Horwich ont adopté l’ordre inverse de priorités et je me suis rallié à eux dans Conceptions of Truth. Je continue à penser que le prédicat « porte la culotte » et vais tenter de désamorcer les arguments contre cette conception, mais je vais aussi rejeter (...) un de mes arguments antérieurs en faveur de celle-ci.Logical Philosophers like Prior and Mulligan regard the truth connective ‘It is true that ’ as more basic than the truth predicate ‘ is true’. Philosophers like Bolzano and Horwich have adopted the opposite priority setting, and in Conceptions of Truth I joined them. I still think that the predicate ‘wears the trousers’, and I shall try to defuse the arguments against this view, but I shall also reject one of my earlier arguments for it. (shrink)

Resumo: O presente artigo apresenta uma epítome da dissertação “Os pressupostos filosóficos e os imperativos fundamentais da teoria crítica incipiente de Herbert Marcuse: em torno dos ensaios da ZfS (1937-1941). (SALDANHA, 2020)”. Essa pesquisa buscou identificar os traços distintivos da teoria crítica que Marcuse esboça nos ensaios publicados na Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung entre 1937-1941, tendo acedido a duas conclusões gerais: 1) que essa teoria se baseia em dois pressupostos filosóficos maiores, a saber, a dialética hegeliana e a crítica de economia (...) política de Marx; 2) que os referidos ensaios sugerem quatro tópicos cuja crítica seria impreterível para uma teoria genuinamente crítica da sociedade capitalista. Buscarei reconstituir a análise textual que levou às conclusões acima, descrevendo o contexto histórico-filosófico dos ensaios, suas premissas filosóficas mais importantes e os seus quatro tópicos fundamentais de análise. Tais tópicos constituem uma espécie de espinha dorsal da teoria crítica marcuseana da época e nos fornecem uma adequada chave de leitura para os seus ensaios. Palavras-chave: Teoria Crítica; Trabalho Alienado; Capitalismo; Liberdade; Marcuse. A key to understand Marcuse’s essays (1937-1941) Abstract: This paper provides a synthesis of the research entitled Autor. This research sought to identify the distinctive features of critical theory that Marcuse outlines in his 1937-1941 essays, reaching two major conclusions: 1) Marcusean theory is based on two philosophical assumptions, namely, Hegelian dialectics and Marx's critique of political economy; 2) Marcuse’s essays suggest four topics whose critique is imperative for a genuinely critical theory of capitalist society. I will try to reconstruct the textual analysis that led to the aforementioned conclusions, by analyzing the essays’ historical-philosophical context, their chief philosophical premises, and their four fundamental topics. I argue these topics constitute a kind of backbone of Marcuse's critical theory, and they provide us with an adequate key to comprehend his 1937-1941 essays. Keywords: Critical Theory; Alienated Labor; Capitalism; Freedom; Marcuse. Una clave para entender los ensayos de Marcuse (1937-1941) Resumen: Este artículo presenta una síntesis de la investigación Autor. Esta investigación buscó identificar las características distintivas de la teoría crítica que Marcuse esboza en sus ensayos de 1937-1941, habiendo llegado a dos conclusiones principales: 1) la teoría marcusiana se basa en dos premisas filosóficas, la dialéctica hegeliana y la crítica de la economía política de Marx; 2) los ensayos antes mencionados sugieren cuatro temas cuya crítica es imperativa para una teoría genuinamente crítica de la sociedad capitalista. Intentaré reconstruir el análisis textual que condujo a las conclusiones antes mencionadas, analizando el contexto histórico-filosófico de los ensayos, sus principales premisas filosóficas y sus cuatro temas fundamentales. Argumento que estos temas constituyen una especie de columna vertebral de la teoría crítica de Marcuse y nos brindan una clave adecuada para comprender sus ensayos de 1937-1941. Palabras clave: Teoría Crítica; Trabajo Enajenado; Capitalismo; Libertad; Marcuse. Data de registro: 01/08/2023 Data de aceite: 20/09/2023. (shrink)

As descrições da flora brasílica efectuadas desde a chegada de Pedro Álvares Cabral traduzem não só as perplexidades do passado no reconhecimento de exemplares botânicos desconhecidos na Europa, mas essencialmente formas de intelegibilidade distintas sobre um mesmo objecto, cuja exploração ao longo dos últimos quatro séculos tem vindo a acompanhar o desenvolvimento da ciência.Os primeiros registos de plantas de Terras de Vera Cruz, efectuados no século XVI, apresentam-se como limitados tanto pela forma narrativa e descritiva então corrente como pela subjectividade (...) do seu redactor. Algumas das lacunas destas formas descritivas foram preenchidas pelo recurso a elementos gráficos que procuravam veicular informação mais precisa quantoàs espécies botânicas identificadas.No século XVIII a Botânica assumiu-se como disciplina autónoma, adoptando-se desde então uma nomenclatura que se viria a considerar como internacional e um sistema de “catalogação” dos mais diversos tipos botânicos conhecidos, ainda extensível a outros por descobrir nomeadamente em terras do Brasil. Este processo objectivo não se sobrepôs às restantes abordagens subjectivas, coexistindo na actualidade. The descriptions of Brazilian flora made since the arrival of Pedro Álvares Cabral express not only the perplexities of those times in recognising botanical species unknown in Europe, but manly distinct forms of intelligibility concerning a same object, whose exploration all long last four centuries follow closely the science rise.The first registers of the plants of Vera Cruz, dated from sixteen century, they were limited as much for the narrative and descriptive form current in those times, as for the subjectivity of its redactor. Some of the gaps of these descriptive forms had been filled by the resource of graphical elements, which tried to propagate precise information of the botanical species identified. In century XVIII Botanic assumed it self as a autonomous subject, adapting since then a terminology that it would come to consider as international and a system of cataloguing of the different botanical types, still extensible to others for discovering, namely in lands of Brazil. This objective process was not overlapped to the remaining subjective approaches, coexisting in the present time. (shrink)

La critique cartésienne de la logique est souvent reconduite à celle du syllogisme et d’une dialectique dont l’Organon aristotélicien fournit l’exposé canonique. On veut montrer ici, en resituant le propos cartésien dans son cheminement initial , que cette critique vise aussi, sinon en premier lieu, une conception alternative d’inspiration lulliste qui tend à s’imposer dans la Schulmetaphysik allemande contemporaine, et par le biais de laquelle celle-ci, déjà, prétend pouvoir se constituer en système encyclopédique du savoir. Le point culminant de cette (...) critique ne se trouve nullement dans le rappel de l’humaine finitude, et la dénonciation d’une vaine prétention à l’omniscience, car l’universalité de la méthode cartésienne lui permet tout aussi bien de viser la connaissance de toutes choses, même les plus « cachées » et les plus « éloignées ». Il se trouve en revanche dans une théorie des « natures simples » , qu’on peut juger lacunaire et inachevée au vu de l’incapacité apparente de Descartes à en établir la nomenclature exacte. Mais le statut propre de la logique cartésienne est indissociablement lié à celui de ces « natures simples » et au refus motivé d’en établir une liste exhaustive.Descartes’ criticism of logic is often reduced to criticism of syllogism and to the dialectic which can be perfectly represented and illustrated in Aristotle’s Organon. Going back to the very roots of Descartes’ thought , this article tries to demonstrate that above all else, his criticism also includes an alternative representation of logic widely diffused in contemporary German Schulmetaphysik which asserts itself as an encyclopaedic knowledge system. The climax of this criticism does not consist in the idea of human finitude nor in the pretension of universal knowledge. In fact universality of Descartes’ method can be applied to everything, even the « deepest » and « most distant » ones. This climax lies in the theory of « simple natures » which can be judged as incomplete as regards Descartes’ apparent inability to establish an exact list and description. Nevertheless, the exact status of Descartes’ logic is precisely linked to the status of these simples natures and to Descartes’ conscious refusal to establish a list. (shrink)

The laws of vital phenomena are to a high degree in contradiction with the principle of absolute causality. Hence the problem arises, what position and rank this principle occupies in biology. The solution of this contradiction might be found in a relaxation of the principle, or in its broadening or by means of the addition of a second heterogenic principle of relationship.The first solution is today rather in favour, since modern physics, especially based on the ”Uncertainty Principle” ofHeisenberg, is inclined (...) to repudiate a strictly causal connection of events in the realm of atomic processes.Broadening of the principle of causality is aimed at to a certain degree by the doctrine of holism. According to this theory biological axioms, principles, and laws are the more universal and the more widely valid, and physical laws should be deduced from them by simplification .The third way is followed by vitalistic doctrines.The ”trialistic” doctrine, presented by the author, represents a development of vitalistic theory. It does not content itself with establishing the fact of the heterogenity of causal and biological laws, but tries to go beyond this and to understand, why the laws of the organic world are of just their special kind and not of another. Moreover it attempts to fit these distinctive principles into the universal system of laws. The trialistic theory divides the wholeness of events into three fundamentally different ”dimensions”, into ”matter”, ”psyche” and ”spirit”, or within the special sphere of living forms into: material, vital and organismic ”dimension”. While in the material sphere the causal connection remains dominant, solely and absolutely, the spiritual or organismic ”dimension” is ruled by ”finality”, a mode of connection of a special kind, caracterized by an active influence on the present of the non-realised future.The interposition of a neutral sphere opens up the possibility of understanding the interweaving of causal and final laws, without interference with one another.Les lois des apparitions de la vie sont difficilement conciliables avec le principe d'une causalité absolue. Le problème se pose donc de savoir, quelle position et quel rÔle ce principe occupe en biologie. La solution de cette contradiction pourrait Être trouvée dans une atténuation ou un élargissement de ce principe comme tel ou par l'adjonction d'un second principe de liaison hétérogène.La première solution est en faveur aujourd'hui depuis que la physique moderne, s'appuyant principalement sur la „Unsicherheitsrelation” deHeisenberg, tend à renoncer à une liaison strictement causale de ce qui se passe dans le domaine des processus atomiques.L'élargissement du principe de causalité est désiré en un certain sens par le holisme. Selon cette théorie les axiomes, les principes et les lois biologiques sont plus universels et d'une valeur plus étendue et il faut en déduire les règles physiques par dérivation simplifiante .La troisième solution nous est donnée par les doctrines vitalistes.La théorie présentée par l'auteur, appelée „trialiste”, met en avant un développement de la doctrine vitaliste. Il ne lui suffit pas de s'arrÊter à l'existence de l'hétérogénité des lois causales et biologiques, mais elle veut aller plus loin, afin de savoir pourquoi les règles déterminant l'organisme sont telles et pas autres. Et elle cherche à mettre de l'ordre dans les principes déterminants en les ènboÎtant dans le système universel de lois. La théorie trialiste divise l'univers des événements en trois „dimensions” qui sont: Matière, „Psyché” et Esprit, ou dans le domaine spécial des formes vivantes en: Matière, Dimension vitale et Dimension organismique. Tandis que dans la dimension matérielle la connexion causale est uniquement et absolument valable, la dimension spirituelle ou organismique est régie par la „Finalité”, un mode de connexion d'un genre spécial, désigné par une influence active du présent par le futur non réalisé.L'interposition d'une sphère neutre nous amène à la possibilité de comprendre l'enchaÎnement es lois causales et finales sans que les unes détruisent les autres. (shrink)

In a manuscript which is being studied here for the first time, al-Samaw'al quotes a paragraph from al-Bīrūnī which shows that the latter knew not only of Brahmagupta's method of quadratic interpolation, but also of another Indian method. Al-Samaw'al examines these methods, as well as linear interpolation, compares them, and evaluates their respective results. He also tries to improve them. In this article the author shows that al-Bīrūnī had used four methods of interpolation, two of which were of Indian origin; (...) and that al-Samaw'al explicitly introduced a new way of evaluating these different methods. He also throws light on the active movement of research on numerical methods that constitutes the background to al-Bīrūmī's and al-Samaw'al's work, and uses modern means to evaluate the different methods and to justify the mathematicians' choices. The author has edited and translated al-Samaw'al's text in order to make it available to historians of Arabic and Indian mathematics. This allows them to follow the history and the mathematical arguments, and deepens our understanding of the importance to the development of mathematics of certain astronomical work. It also highlights the contribution of Indian mathematicians to the development of Arabic mathematics. Dans un texte manuscrit jamais examiné auparavant, al-Samaw'al cite un paragraphe d'un écrit d'al-Bīrīnī qui montre bien que ce dernier connaissait non seulement la méthode d'interpolation quadratique de Brahmagupta, mais également une autre methode indienne. Al-Samaw'al éetudie ces méthodes ainsi que l'interpolation linéaire, les compare les unes aux autres et par conséquent s'interroge sur leurs performances respectives afin d'opter pour la meilleure, et tente de les perfectionner. Dans cet article, l'auteur montre qu'al-Bīrūnī disposait de quatre méthodes d'interpolation, dont deux sont d'origine indienne, et qu'al-Samaw'al a introduit explicitement une nouvelle interrogation pour juger de la performance des différentes méthodes; il restitue les études d'al- Bī;rūnī et d'al-Samaw'al dans le mouvement actif de recherche sur les méthodes numériques, et reprend avec des moyens modernes la comparaison entre les diverses méthodes pour comprendre les choix des différents mathématiciens. L'auteur établit et traduit le texte d'al-Samaw'al afin de le rendre accessible aux historiens des mathématiques arabes et indiennes, et pour permettre aux lecteurs de suivre l'exposé' historique et mathématique qui vise, au-delà de ces résultats, à mieux connaître l'apport de certaines recherches en astronomie au développement des mathématiques, et d'autre part, la contribution des mathématiciens de l'Inde à l'histoire des mathématiques arabes. (shrink)

resumo : Este artigo tem por objetivo explorar as possíveis relações estabelecidas entre ciência e a tecnologia a partir de três modelos teóricos distintos. O primeiro modelo teórico é chamado de hierárquico e pressupõe uma relação de subordinação entre ciência e a tecnologia. O segundo modelo é denominado de não hierárquico e sustenta que ciência e a tecnologia se encontram fundidas de tal modo que não faz mais sentido tentar entendê-las separadamente. Por fim, o terceiro modelo teórico designado de emancipatório (...) explora alguns elementos que permitem compreender a ciência e a tecnologia ainda como atividades distintas, embora possam trabalhar conjuntamente algumas vezes.: This paper aims to understand the possible relations between science and technology from three different theoretical models. The first theoretical model is called hierarchical and implies a subordinate relationship between science and technology. The second model is called non-hierarchical and argues that science and technology are fused so that it makes more sense to try to understand them separately. Finally, the third theoretical model is called emancipatory and explores some elements that allow us to understand science and technology as separate activities, although they may sometimes work together. (shrink)

Resumo: Este texto se empenha em entender sobre o universo da fabricação de bens duráveis que compõem o mundo. Esse espaço de produção é o grande responsável por produzir produtos para o ser humano, mesmo que isso custe a destruição da natureza. Segundo Hannah Arendt, entretanto, com a modernidade houve uma mudança significativa do processo de fabricar esses artefatos. Isso desencadeou não só uma invasão do consumo, bem como deixou o mundo e seus utensílios ainda mais descartáveis. Portanto, representando uma (...) transformação da essência da técnica e de seu processo de conhecimento, como aponta Martin Heidegger. A conclusão busca desvelar a perda da distinção entre meios e fins ao colocar o ser humano como o protagonista do mundo. A consequência é, como alertava os gregos, a desvalorização da natureza e do agente político, pois é o humano, enquanto consumidor e usuário de produtos, o eleito como referência para o mundo. Palavras-chave: Fabricação; Humano; Mundo; Natureza; Modernidade. The changing manufacturing process and responsibility for the world from Hannah Arendt's perspective Abstract: This text tries to understand the universe of durable goods manufacturing that make up the world. This production space is largely responsible for producing products for human beings, even if it costs the destruction of nature. According to Hannah Arendt, however, with modernity there was a significant change in the process of manufacturing these artifacts. This has brought about not only an invasion of consumption, but has also made the world and its utensils even more throwable. Therefore, representing a transformation of the essence of technique and its knowledge process, as Martin Heidegger points out. The conclusion aims to unveil the loss of the distinction between means and ends by placing the human being as the protagonist of the world. The consequence is, as the Greeks warned, the devaluation of nature and of the political agent, since it is the human being, as consumer and user of products, who is elected as the reference for the world. Key-words: Fabrication; Human; World; Nature; Modernity. Der veränderte Produktionsprozess und die Verantwortung für die Welt aus der Perspektive von Hannah Arendt Zusammenfassend: Dieser Text versucht, das Universum der Herstellung langlebiger Güter zu verstehen, das die Welt ausmacht. Dieser Produktionsraum ist weitgehend für die Herstellung von Produkten für den Menschen verantwortlich, auch wenn dies die Zerstörung der Natur kostet. Nach Hannah Arendt gab es jedoch mit der Moderne eine bedeutende Veränderung im Prozess der Herstellung dieser Artefakte. Dies hat nicht nur zu einer Invasion des Konsums geführt, sondern auch dazu, dass die Welt und ihre Utensilien noch wegwerfbarer geworden sind. Es handelt sich also um eine Transformation des Wesens der Technik und ihres Erkenntnisprozesses, wie Martin Heidegger hervorhebt. Die Schlussfolgerung zielt darauf ab, den Verlust der Unterscheidung zwischen Mitteln und Zwecken aufzuzeigen, indem der Mensch zum Protagonisten der Welt gemacht wird. Die Folge ist, wie die Griechen warnten, die Abwertung der Natur und des politischen Akteurs, da der Mensch als Konsument und Nutzer von Produkten zum Bezugspunkt der Welt gewählt wird. Schlüsselwörter: Fabrikation; Mensch; Welt; Natur; Modernität. Data de registro: 15/03/2022 Data de aceite: 26/10/2022. (shrink)

ResumoO objetivo deste artigo é produzir uma reflexão crítica sobre a produção de Gilberto Freyre, mais verticalizada em dois aspectos. Em primeiro lugar, buscar-se-á entender a seleção feita por esse antropólogo de uma certa mestiçagem e adaptação cultural, símbolos da singularidade brasileira. Em segundo lugar, procura-se entender de que maneira esse tipo de interpretação desloca a análise de fenômenos mais sociais e econômicos, investindo profundamente na esfera privada. Como se costuma dizer, Freyre teria descrito a escravidão brasileira, tendo como foco (...) apenas os cativos domésticos. Para tanto, começar-se-á com a análise do clássico Casa Grande & Senzala, mas a insistência se dará na interpretação do livro Novo mundo nos trópicos, obra em que o estudioso procura sintetizar suas conclusões para um público estrangeiro. Aí estariam condensadas as suas máximas e grandes linhas de interpretação.Palavras-chave: Adaptação. Mestiçagem. Novo mundo nos trópicos. Gilberto Freyre. AbstractThe aim of this paper is to produce a critical reflection on Gilberto Freyre’s work, which is more vertical in two respects. First, I will seek to understand the selection made by the anthropologist of a certain cultural miscegenation and adaptation, symbols of Brazilian singularity. Second, I’ll try to understand how such an interpretation shifts the analysis of rather social and economic phenomena, deeply invested in the private. As it is said, Freyre would have described Brazilian slavery focusing only on the domestic slaves. Thus, the analysis begins with the classic Casa Grande & Senzala, but the emphasis will be in the interpretation of the book in the New world in the tropics [Novo mundo nos Trópicos], a work in which the scholar seeks to synthesize his findings to a foreign audience. There it would be condensed his maxima and broad lines of interpretation.Key words: Adaptation. Miscegenation. New world in the tropics. Gilberto Freyre. (shrink)

Les usages que fait Hobbes de l’état de nature sont souvent mal compris par les philosophes anglo-américains contemporains, y compris par des commentateurs distingués comme Gauthier et Hampton. À la différence de Gauthier, je soutiens que Hobbes ne se soucie nullement de naturaliser le fondement de la motivation morale, et je conteste l’interprétation de Hampton qui considère que le contractualisme hobbesien a plus de pertinence pour nous aujourd’hui que le contractualisme kantien. Il existe certes des liens entre une juste interprétation (...) de Hobbes et la philosophie politique du XXe siècle, mais je suggère que ces derniers résident dans un usage déflationniste de la redescription. C’est dans cette perspective que je m’efforce de montrer qu’il existe une comparaison valide entre Hobbes et le philosophe britannique John Gray.Hobbes’s uses of the state of nature are often misunderstood by Anglo-American philosophers, even distinguished Hobbes commentators like Gauthier and Hampton. Contrary to Gauthier, I argue that Hobbes is not notably interested in naturalising the basis of moral motivation, and I dispute Hampton’s interpretation of the lasting value of Hobbesian as opposed to Kantian contractualism. There are connections between Hobbes as he ought to be understood and twentieth century political philosophy, but I suggest these lie in a certain use of deflationary redescription. In this respect Hobbes and John Gray are comparable, as I try to show. (shrink)

Una riflessione, talvolta discutibile, su un problema centrale nello studio della storia, sul modo cioè di comprendere la sensibilità di uomini del passato, cercando di accostarla alla sensibilità di uomini nostri contemporanei. Si considera, come caso esemplare e particolarmente difficile, la riflessione di Agostino sul tema della grazia e della predestinazione. Ogni trasposizione di dottrine anche lungo la linea del tempo storico è certamente un tradimento delle intenzioni originali dell’autore, ma un tradimento necessario per sperare di capirlo. L’intreccio di tesi (...) su predestinazione, grazia, destino e carattere può aiutare, ma solo a condizione di essere consapevoli che si tratta comunque di analogie che mai riescono a chiarire completamente, ma possono aiutare. A reflection, sometimes questionable, on a central problem in the study of history, that is, on how to understand the sensibility of men of the past, trying to approach it to the sensibility of our contemporary men. We investigate, as an exemplary and particularly difficult case, Augustine's reflection on the subject of grace and predestination. Any transposition of doctrines even along the historical timeline is certainly a betrayal of the author's original intentions, but a necessary betrayal to hope to understand him. The interweaving of theses on predestination, grace, destiny, and character can help, but only on the condition of being aware that these are nevertheless analogies that never succeed in fully clarifying, but can help. (shrink)

Le § 45 de Sein und Zeit met en relation la totalité et la mort. En fait, il y a chez Heidegger, trois concepts de totalité : 1 / la totalité ontologico-existentiale et a priori de l'êtreau-monde et du souci ; 2 /la totalité a posteriori des choses intramondaines composées de parties ; 3 / la totalité existentielle temporelle de l'existence « entre » la naissance et la mort. Heidegger essaie de résoudre la tension entre un moment essentiel de la (...) totalité ontologique (notamment de l' « en avant de soi » ) et la totalité existentielle qui est constituée par le ne-pas-encore qui sépare le Dasein de sa mort. Cela s'accomplit par la modification du concept de totalité (Ganzheit) comme être-tout (Ganzsein), être-tout possible (mögliche Ganzsein) et pouvoir d'être-tout (Ganzseinkönnen), mais aussi par l'élaboration des rapports structurels entre l'idée de totalité et l'idée de fin, ce qui implique l'analyse détaillée de plusieurs variations structurelles de ces notions. Traitant cette question, Heidegger se réfère aux analyses platoniciennes, aristotéliciennes et husserliennes. Sein und Zeit's paragraph 45 relates totality and death. In fact, with Heidegger there are three concepts of totality : 1 / an existential-ontological totality which is a priori of the being-in-the world and care ; 2 / an a posteriori totality of intra-mundane things made of parts ; and 3 / a time existential totality of existence lying « between » birth and death. Heidegger tries to solve the tension between an essential moment of the ontological totality (namely the « afore one's self » ) and the existential totality composed of the not-yet which separates the Dasein from death. It occurs through the change of the concept of totality (Ganzheit) as all-being (Ganzsein), all-possible being (mögliche Ganzsein) and power to be all (Ganzseinkönnen), but also through the elaboration of the structural relationships between the idea of a totality and the idea of end, which implies a detailed analysis of several structural variations of such notions. While dealing with these matters, Heidegger refers to Plato's, Aristotle's and Husserl's analyses. (shrink)